Liquid Force Shane
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In the previous two articles in this series, we described how the atom consisted on a positively charged nucleus, surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Both the nucleus and the electrons are absolutely tiny compared to the distance between them. If you placed a golf ball (representing the nucleus) on the centre spot of a football field, then the nearest electron (the size of a pin) would be whizzing around somewhere on the touchline. The atom is, in fact mostly empty space.
Inside the nucleus, there are two types of particles: protons, which have positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge at all. Protons and neutrons are roughly equal in size and both are almost 2000 times as heavy as the electron. That means that pretty much all the mass of the atom is contained in the nucleus. The first question people asked when they saw all these protons together was, well, if like charges repel, then why does the nucleus not just fly apart? There clearly has to be some stronger force holding them together. In addition, the force was the same whether it was between neutrons or protons, i.e it did not care about the charge of the particles, and at the same time protons and neutrons obviously had something in common that made this force act equally on both. This force eventually came to be known as the nuclear force.
The origin of this force can be seen if we look inside a proton or a neutron. Inside either particle lie three smaller particles, called quarks, which are bound together so tightly that they cannot escape: no-one has ever seen a quark by itself. The force between the protons and neutrons is actually a residual side-effect of the forces between the quarks inside each proton and neutron. So you would expect the nuclear force to be stronger the closer the particles get to each other, and that all the particles in the nucleus will collide. But do you remember for electrons how no electron with the same four quantum numbers could be in the same atom? There is a version of that inside the nucleus too, and it acts as a repulsive force that keeps all the particles inside the nucleus a small distance apart. It also means that there are different energy levels inside the nucleus too, and that the nucleus is most stable when it has full energy levels. This happens when either the number of protons or the number of neutrons are equal to the so-called magic numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126.
We still do not know everything about how these protons and nucleons are arranged inside the nucleus. The mass of the nucleus grows roughly in proportion to the cube of its radius, and from that we can infer that the protons and neutrons are distributed roughly equally around the volume of the nucleus. We also know that for small nuclei that the number of neutrons is equal to the number of protons, but for larger nuclei the number of neutrons exceed the number of protons. These extra neutrons tend to stay near the surface of the nucleus. It has been speculated that the protons and neutrons might cluster together into alpha particles. Alpha particles have two protons and two neutrons, and they are very stable (magic number 2 for both proton and neutron), so a nucleus clustered into alpha particles might also be more stable. For larger nuclei, the shape might not even be spherical, and might look actually more like a rugby ball.
There is also a problem with theoretically describing forces inside the nucleus in that quantum chromodynamics, the theory which exactly describes interactions between quarks, cannot easily be extrapolated upwards to give useful insights into nuclear structure. To 'fill the gap' until such time as this can happen, other theories have been formulated to describe the nucleus. For example, the nucleus can be modelled classically as a liquid drop upon which quantum effects are then superimposed. Another popular theory is mean field theory, where instead of looking at a group of nucleons interacting, we treat the interaction between each nucleon and the rest of the nucleus separately. One thing is for certain; the book is not yet closed on the inner structure of the nucleus and work is still continuing.
Shane Magee, has a Ph.D in particle physics. This is the third in a series of articles exploring the concepts, structure and history of the atom. His personal blog contains a mixture of anecdotes and reflections on science, spirituality and life in general.
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Shane - $7.99 The simple story of a Wyoming range war is elevated to near-mythical status in producer/director George Stevens' Western classic Shane. Alan Ladd plays the title character, a mysterious drifter who rides into a tiny homesteading community and accepts the hospitality of a farming family. Patriarch Joe Starrett (Van Heflin) is impressed by the way Shane handles himself when facing down the hostile minions of land baron Emile Meyer, though he has trouble placing his complete trust in the stranger, as his Marion (Jean Arthur) is attracted to Shane in spite of herself, and his son Joey (Brandon De Wilde) flat-out idolizes Shane. When Meyer is unable to drive off the homesteaders by sheer brute strength, he engages the services of black-clad, wholly evil hired gun Jack Wilson (Jack Palance). The moment that Wilson shows he means business by shooting down hotheaded farmer Frank Torrey (Elisha Cook Jr.) is the film's most memorable scene: after years of becoming accustomed to carefully choreographed movie death scenes, the suddenness with which Torrey's life is snuffed out -- and the force with which he falls to the ground -- are startling. Shane knows that a showdown with Wilson is inevitable; he also knows that, unintentionally, he has become a disruptive element in the Starrett family. The manner in which he handles both these problems segues into the now-legendary "Come back, Shane" finale. Cinematographer Loyal Griggs imbues this no-frills tale with the outer trappings of an epic, forever framing the action in relation to the unspoiled land surrounding it. A.B. Guthrie Jr.'s screenplay, adapted from the Jack Schaefer novel, avoids the standard good guy/bad guy clich?s: both homesteaders and cattlemen are shown as three-dimensional human beings, flaws and all, and even ostensible villain Emile Meyer comes off reasonable and logical when elucidating his dislike of the "newcomers" who threaten to divest him of his wide open spaces. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi |
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Shane $4.99 Shane |
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Shane (Film) $60.54 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Shane is a 1953 American Western film produced and directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by A.B. Guthrie Jr., based on the 1949 novel of the same name by Jack Schaefer. The film stars Alan Ladd, Jean Arthur and Van Heflin, and features Brandon De Wilde, Elisha Cook Jr., Jack Palance and Ben Johnson. The cinematography was by Loyal Griggs, with a music score by Victor Young. A mysterious stranger who calls himself Shane (Alan Ladd) drifts into an isolated western valley. It soon becomes apparent that he is a gunslinger, and he finds himself drawn into a conflict between simple homesteader Joe Starrett (Van Heflin) and powerful cattle baron Rufus Ryker (Emile Meyer), who wants to force Starrett and every other homesteader in the valley off the land. Shane accepts a job as a farmhand, but finds Starretts young son Joey (Brandon DeWilde) drawn to him for his strength and skill with a gun. Shane himself is uncomfortably drawn to Starretts wholesomely charming wife, Marian (Jean Arthur). Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 68 Publication Date: 2010/08/11 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.16 inches |
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Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid $140 This first book to focus on all principles and aspects of AFM in liquid phase is perfectly structured, making it easy-to-follow for non-AFM specialists. At the same time, it is an excellent introduction for researchers wishing to use this important technique for evaluating biological material and biological applications. From the contents: * AFM: Basic concept * Dynamic modes in liquids * Force spectroscopy * Forces in liquids * Single molecule force spectroscopy * High resolution imaging of biological material * Imaging of force-distance curves * High speed AFM for observing dynamic processes * Theory and fundamentals * Combination of AFM with optical methods * Biological applications * Electrochemical AFM * Manipulation and lithography An optimum balance for chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and biologists, as well as analytical and medicinal chemists. |
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Force Heretic I By Williams, Sean/ Dix, Shane $13.25 Determined to contain the savage Yuuzhan Vong and bring peace to the galaxy, Luke Skywalker of the new Galactic Alliance searches for Zonama Sekot, a legendary, sentient planet that decades ago had repelled an invasion of the Yuuzhan Vong, hoping the secrets of the longlost world will turn the tide in devastating interstellar war. Original. Author: Williams, Sean/ Dix, Shane Series Title: STAR WARS: THE NEW JEDI ORDER Subtitle: Remnant Publication Date: 2003/01/01 Number of Pages: 413 Binding Type: Paperback Language: English Depth: 1.25 Width: 4.25 Height: 6.75 |
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Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid (Hardcover) $351.01 This first book to focus on all principles and aspects of AFM in liquid phase is perfectly structured, making it easy-to-follow for non-AFM specialists. At the same time, it is an excellent introduction for researchers wishing to use this important technique for evaluating biological material and biological applications.From the contents:* AFM: Basic concept* Dynamic modes in liquids* Force spectroscopy* Forces in liquids* Single molecule force spectroscopy* High resolution imaging of biological material* Imaging of force-distance curves* High speed AFM for observing dynamic processes* Theory and fundamentals* Combination of AFM with optical methods* Biological applications * Electrochemical AFM* Manipulation and lithographyAn optimum balance for chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and biologists, as well as analytical and medicinal chemists. |
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Shane McAnally $7.49 Shane McAnally |
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Force Heretic III Reunion By Williams, Sean/ Dix, Shane $13.25 After finding the sentient planet of Zonama Sekot, Luke Skywalker and his companions are confronted with a new dilemma when the living world refuses to follow them back to a galaxy wracked by war and misery, while the Yuuzhan Vong launch a vicious new campaign against the new alliance, leaving Han and Leia facing a perilous battle against hopeless odds. Original. Author: Williams, Sean/ Dix, Shane Series Title: Star Wars the New Jedi Order Publication Date: 2003/07/01 Number of Pages: 390 Binding Type: Paperback Language: English Depth: 1.25 Width: 4.00 Height: 6.75 |
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Crazy Machines 2 with Liquid Force $3.95 Harness the power of water to solve new mind bending experiments. Gear up and go with the flow with 20 all–new Fluid levels! Add some water to the mix for these crazy conundrums! Put your thinking cap on and piece the solutions together drop by drop! |